WARS and BATTLES
From Ancient Greece - to modern day.

133. Numantium is destroyed by Scipio Aemilianus. "The war against the Spaniards, who, of all the nations subdued by the Romans, defended their liberty with the greatest obstinacy, began in the year 200, six years after the total expulsion of the Carthaginians from their country, 206. It was exceedingly obstinate, partly from the natural state of the country, which was thickly populated, and where every place became a fortress; partly from the courage of the inhabitants; but above all, owing to the peculiar policy of the Romans, who were wont to employ their allies to subdue other nations. This war continued, almost without interruption, from the year 200 to 133, and was for the most part carried on at the same time in Hispania Citerior, whre the Celtiberi were the most formidable adversaries, and in Hispania Ulterior, where th Lusitani were equally powerful. Hostilities were at the highest pitch in 195, under Cato, who reduced Hispania Citerior to a state of tranquillity in 185-179, when the Celtiberi were attacked in their native territory and 155-150, when the Romans in both provinces were so often beaten, that nothing was more dreaded by the soldiers at Rome than to be sent there. The extortions and perfidy of Servius Galba placed Viriathus, in the year 146, at the head of his nation, the Lusitani: the war, however, soon extended itself to Hispania Citerior, where many nations, particularly the Numantines, took up arms against Rome, 143. Viriathus, sometimes victorius and sometimes defeated, was never more formidable than in the moment of defeat, because he knew how to take advantage of his knowledge of the country and of the dispositions of his countrymen. After his murder, caused by the treachery of Caepio, 140. Lusitania was subdued; but the Numantine war became still more violent, and the Numantines compelled the consul Mansinus to a disadvantageous treaty, 137. When Scipio, in the year 133, put an end to this war, Spain was certainly tranquil; the northern parts, however, were still unsubdued, though the Romans penetrated as far from the time or the excitement produced by the attempts made by the Gracchi to reform the commonwealth, to the battle of Actium (B.C. 31, which established Octavianus Caesar as sole master of the Roman world. Throughout this period Rome was engaged in important foreign wars, most of which procured large accessions to her territory.

118-106. The Jugurthine war. Numidia is conquered, and made a Bomau conquest.

113-101. The great and terrible war of the Cimbri and Teutones against Bome. These nations of northern warriors slaughter several Roman armies in Gaul, and in 102 attempt to penetrate into Italy. The military genius of Maim? here saves his country ; he defeats the Teutones near Aix, in Provence ; and in the following year he destroys the army of the Cimbri, who had passed the Alps, near Vercellae.

91-88. The war of the Italian allies against Bome. This was caused by the refusal of Bome to concede to thorn the rights of Roman citizenship. After a sanguinary struggle, Bome gradually concedes it.

89-85. First war of the Romans against Mithradatps the Great king of Pontus, who had overran Asia Minor, Macedonia, and Greece. Sylla defeats his armies, and forces him to withdraw his forces from Europe. Sylla returns to Bome to carry on the civil war against the son and partisans of Marius. He makes himself dictator.

74-64. The last Mithradatic wars. Lucullus, and after him Pompeius, command against the great king of Pontus, who at last is poisoned by his son, while designing to -aise the warlike tribes-of the Danube against Bome, and to invade Italy from the northeast. Great Asiatic conquests of the Romans. Besides the ancient province of Pergamus, tlie maritime counties of Bithynia and nearly all Paphlagonia and Pontus, are formed into a Roman province under the name of Bithynia, while on the southern coast Cilicia and Pamphylia form another under the name of Cilicia; Phenicia and Syria compose a third under the name of Syria. Oa the other hand, Great Armenia is left to Tigranes ; Cappadocia to Ariobarzanes; the Bosphorus to Phamaces ; Judaea to Hyrcanus and some other small states, are also given to petty princes, all of whom remain dependent on Rome.

58-50. Caesar conquers Gaul.

54. Crassus attacks the Parthians with a Roman army, but is overthrown and killed at Carrhae in Mesopotamia. His lieutenant Cassius collects the wrecks of the army, and prevents the Parthians from conquering Syria.

49-45. The civil war between Caesar and the Pompeian party. Egypt, Mauritania, and Pontus are involved in the consequence

of this war.

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44. Caesar is killed in the Capitol; the civil wars are soon renewed.

42. Death of Brutas and Cassius at Philippi.

31. Death of Antony and Cleopatra. Egypt becomes a Roman province, and Augustus Caesar is left undisputed master of Rome, and all that is Rome's.

Metaurus